Sports Related Violence And Its Effects On Society

other teams. Below the owners are the coaches, the coaches develop plays and mold players to dedicated athletics to push to them to their highest potential. Last is the athletes, their role is to follow the instructions of the coach and to work collectively with their fellow teammates to ensure victories for the season. (Langton 2015). Each person has a specific role in the organization, together they rely off each other knowing each one is doing their part for the good of the whole organization. If the organization becomes unorganized, the fans take notice and become filled with anger can lead to chaos. In the event of a riot there is complete chaos, there are high levels of aggression and anomie. Durkheim describes anomie as, â€Å"a lack of moral regulation.† (Durkheim 1897). Sport related violence can be induced by the excitement and hostile behavior demonstrated by the athletes to the fans, and by adding alcoholic beverages into the equation is a recipe for violence. As each person embodies the negative behavior and becomes destructive is a state of anomie. Fans are emotionally invested in the team and the players, for their love of the game the fans lose sight of behavior that is socially correct and demonstrate deviant behavior, which put them in a state of anomie. An original work by Durkheim, The Rules of Sociological Method (1895) helps to explain the formation of social groups and how fan based violence occurs. Durkheim claims that Sociology is the study of socialShow MoreRelatedViolence in Sports1840 Words   |  7 PagesLevel 3 PE Violence in Sport and its impact on NZ society Gaby Sansom In my report, I am going to be examining the role that violence plays in New Zealand sport and its impact on the New Zealand society. I will be addressing this topic from a rugby perspective therefore most of my examples will be rugby related. This is because rugby is one of the main sports in New Zealand to the extent that it has become an icon for us. No matter where youRead MoreOpening Question: Why do so many people encourage violence in sports? Core Question 1: What effect1400 Words   |  6 PagesOpening Question: Why do so many people encourage violence in sports? Core Question 1: What effect is McMurtry trying to achieve when he compares football to war in paragraph four and five on page 454? Core Question 2: On page 455, McMurtry states, â€Å"And progressively and inexorably, as I moved through high school, college, and pro leagues, my body was dismantled. Piece by piece.† Core Question 3: McMurtry states, â€Å"The doctor in the local hospital said three weeks’ rest, the coach said scrimmageRead MoreHow Sports Affect Society1566 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish 102-029 May 3, 2013 How sport affects society From the earliest chapters of history, sports have been part of humanity. This can be proved by the games that were played in Mayan and Egypt civilization. Games such as hockey, rugby and football has had what one can call religious following while athletics are characterized by massive celebrations. The importance of sports in the society is gaining increased recognition from both the social and education points of view. RelevantRead MoreGender Inequality And The Social Construction Of Gender1562 Words   |  7 Pagesthe differences in the social construction of gender, race, class, and sexuality have led to discrimination and inequality of those classified under a variety of these categories. Through understanding the significance of these social constructs on society it becomes apparent the intersectionality they have when it comes to understanding why certain groups may face discrimination or inequality. This paper examines gender inequality and how the social constructio n of gender makes it difficult for theRead MoreViolance in Video Games Essay922 Words   |  4 PagesViolence Most of the time violence is considered as the worst when it comes to the bad effects of video games. A scientific survey (Anderson Bushman, 2001) has found a connection between aggressive behaviors and playing violent games where more the children play violent games, more tend be aggressive in behavior. Not only that but also they are more likely to have aggressive feelings and thoughts plus diminished aiding. It is said that the impact of playing violent games in children is compoundedRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcoholism On The World Health Organization1447 Words   |  6 Pagesresponsibility (Huntsdale, 2014). The fact is, alcoholism has direct and indirect negative effects not just to the drinker, but also to the society he is in. Over-consumption of alcohol has become a social problem in Australia. Many of the drinkers consume alcohol at harmful levels that contributes to alcohol-fuelled violence, disease, injuries, and death. Even beyond the significant association with crime, alcoholism also effects a range of adverse social consequences both for the drinker and others in the communityRead MorePositive Effects of Sports on At Risk Youth Essay1439 Words   |  6 PagesPositive Effects of Sports on At Risk Youth Sports provide many opportunities for our youth today. In fact the British used sports in educational institutions to develop socialization, social control, and character on their youth (Sage 1986). Sports also provides an obvious form of entertainment in many societies as well. Many role models, heroes, and idols can originate from sports. It also provides a mean of recreation for youth to participate in and spend some free time on something constructiveRead MoreMurder Is The Most Inhumane Thing938 Words   |  4 PagesManson s and Ted Bundy s. Violence has become a common and prevalent occurrence in society today. Every day on the news one hears stories of crimes-murder, robbery, rape, assault, extortion, kidnapping, homicide, an endless list. Law enforcement works day and night protecting neighborhoods and cities from crimes and violence, but the truth of the matter is that crime still exists and all one can do is ask himself why. Why do such treacherous violent acts exist in society? In essence, one must askRead MoreYouth and the Media Essay1247 Words   |  5 Pageslives, affecting where we go, what we do and what we think, ultimately dictating a large part of our existence. Due to this the portrayals put forth by the media of sectors in the community can have extremely wide and varying effects. These effects are fundamentally a cause of the techniques employed by the media to depict a social group in this case youth. A study by the Daily Mirror the NSW equivalent of The Sunday Mail Has shown alarmingly, approximately 90% of its articlesRead MoreEthical Scrapbook Part Ii Cja/3241486 Words   |  6 Pagessystem it should be the responsibility of the public to enforce punishment upon the offender. As a team when discussing the topic of civil disobedience and its effects on changing law, as a group we all agreed yes. Civil Disobedience is a method of disobeying a law on grounds of moral or political principle. â€Å"It is an attempt to influence society to accept a dissenting point of view. Although it usually uses tactics of nonviolence, it is more than mere passive resistance because it often takes active

The History of the Internet Essay - 1277 Words

The History of the Internet When one thinks of the internet, one may think of America Online, Yahoo!, or of Sandra Bullock being caught up in an espionage conspiracy. For me, it is a means of communication. A way to talk to some of my friends who live off in distant places such as Los Angeles, New Jersey, and the Philippines. The U.S. Defense Department originally had this intent in mind when they connected a computer network with various other radio and satellite networks.[1 Krol] They wanted a means of communicating within the U.S. military that could withstand partial outages, such a bomb attacks, and still function.[2 Krol] In this paper I will cover the internet’s experimental beginnings, the commercialization of this†¦show more content†¦The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is the governing body who takes care of operational and near-tearm technical problems of the internet.[7 ibid] Along with all conveniences, there is a price to pay. Though information could be obtained from the internet for free, everyone has to pay for their own access to it. Just like NSF pays for NSFNET and NASA pays for NASA Science Internet, individuals pay their Internet Service Provider and their telephone company for access to the internet.[8 ibid] As Ed Krol in said in The Whole Internet User’s Guide, †everyone pays for their part.† The internet, just like the light bulb and the airplane, started out as an idea. In August 1962, a researcher at MIT by the name of J.C.R. Licklider wrote a series of memos that outlined a â€Å"Galactic Network† of interconnected computers whereby everyone could quickly access information and programs from any site.[9 Leiner] Another researcher at MIT, Leonard Kleinrock, published a paper in July 1961 that would make communication on the internet more feasible.[10 ibid] Kleinrock’s paper on the packet switching theory convinced MIT researcher Lawrence Roberts to set up an experiment that involved connecting a TX-2 computer at MIT to a AN/FSQ-32 computer at System Development Corp. at Santa Monica, California.[11 ibid] This experiment resulted in the first computerShow MoreRelatedHistory of Internet10240 Words   |  41 PagesHISTORY OF COMPUTERS AND THE INTERNET OUTLINE 1B MODULE Steps Toward Modern Computing 31 First Steps: Calculators 31 The Technological Edge: Electronics 31 Putting It All Together: The ENIAC 36 The Stored-Program Concept 36 The Computer’s Family Tree 37 The First Generation (1950s) 37 The Second Generation (Early 1960s) 38 The Third Generation (Mid-1960s to Mid-1970s) 39 The Fourth Generation (1975 to the Present) 41 A Fifth Generation? 44 The Internet Revolution 45 Lessons Learned 48 Read MoreThe History Of The Internet2033 Words   |  9 PagesThe history of the Internet starts with the making of electronic computers in the 1950’s. After a bunch of rabble The first concepts of the Internet were invented in the 1960’s who saw much use in allowing computers to share information. It was mainly used for scientific and military purposes, research, development, and sorts. J.C.R. Licklider of MIT first suggested the idea of a global network of computers in 1962. He moved to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency to develop the InternetRead MoreHistory of the Internet535 Words   |  2 PagesInternet The Internet is a child of the 1960s. 1969 was when the first network of computers, ARPANET, communicated with one another. I took a full decade before the Internet was developed. In 1984, domain names were introduced, bringing with them, the familiar suffixes of â€Å"com† and â€Å"org† (Anonymous, 2013). It didn’t become widely used until the 1990s when two significant developments arrived. In 1991, the World Wide Web (Web 1.0) was released, along with hyper-links, which made navigation easierRead More History Of The Internet Essay1527 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of the Internet Works Cited Buick, Joanna and Jevtic, Zoran. Introducing Cyberspace. New York, NY: Totem Books, 1995. Crick, Prof. Rex E. E-Mail History. [Online] Available http://www2.uta.edu/geology/compulit/mailhist.html, December 20, 1999. Hafner, Katie and Lyon, Mathew. Where Wizards Stay up Late. New York, NY: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Simon amp; Schuster Inc., 1996. quot;Internet.quot; Encyclopedia Britannica, 1999 ed. Kristula, Dave. The History ofRead MoreThe History of Internet Piracy1122 Words   |  4 PagesThe History of Internet Piracy and its Impacts Internet piracy and copyright infringement have become major issues around the globe. Internet piracy has also evolved significantly since its beginnings. The effects are particularly felt by multiple industries, including the music, movie and software industries. As a result of the overwhelming effects of piracy, many pieces of legislation have either been proposed or passed in the United States. Piracy has significantly impacted the Internet as aRead MoreHistory Of Internet On The World1486 Words   |  6 PagesJosh Margolis EMF140 November 2, 2015 History of Internet Before the the Internet was created, linking the world, human beings were already thinking with a connected mind. While messages obviously were unable to be transferred electronically, humans invented different ways to trade information and news with other people. Firstly was the post. In order to send a friend a message, a letter would have had to been written and mailed. Mailing messages was a long process, often taking days to getRead More The History Of The Internet Essay2287 Words   |  10 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The internet has come a very long way in the past 50 years. New inovations such as integrated software and hardware has changed the way that poeple view and obtain information today. The internet is a global computer network connecting millions and millions of users throughout the world. quot;It is a network connecting many computer networks and is based on a common addressing system and communications protocol.quot;It has become one of the fastest growing forms ofRead MoreThe History of Computers and the Internet1457 Words   |  6 PagesWith the invention of the internet in the late 1960s and early 1970s, no one had a clue what it would one day develop into. When computers started becoming an everyday household appliance and the internet became more widespread, social networking sites (SNS) were developed as a means of communicating with people across the world. Friendster was launched in 2002, and grew rapidly over the course of three months as people started connecting and networking over the internet instead of in person. MyspaceRead MoreThe History and Development of the Internet1937 Words   |  8 Pagesstart with, we have to discuss the historical backdrop of the Internet and its development. The Internet developed out of improvements in bundle exchanging and circulated machine systems intended to be secure in time of war. Throughout the last few decades, the Internet has had monstrous developing. Several years back, numerou s individuals completed not have machine information and were not mindful of how to utilize it. Today, the Internet is utilized regularly for just about every errand. A huge numberRead More The History and Future of the Internet Essay831 Words   |  4 PagesThe History and Future of the Internet Many believe the internet was an over night sensation, that one day, someone invented the internet and it spread in popularity faster than Tickle Me Elmo or the Macarena. Although the internet did have a surge of commercial popularity, with the invention of Mosaic and later with e-commerce, it was created many years ago with the development of military networking technologies. Also, the internet, unlike many pop culture fads of the nineties, will continue

Standard Form Contract

Question: Explain Standard Form Contract? Answer: Standard form contract refers to the agreement signed by the parties, but the terms and conditions set by one side. The other part of the contract has no ability or a little part to negotiate the terms of the contract with a provision of take it or leave it situation. The standard form of contract is also referred to as a boilerplate or adhesion contract. The example of this type of contract is insurance policies where the insurer is in decision making position about the insured subjects or objects. It also refers to the government contract with the government agencies as there is the inclusion of some clauses by the law or regulations (Brook 2012). The standard form of contract is not illegal per se, and there is a genuine possibility for unconscionability. If any ambiguity occurs, that will be solved by the interpretation against the drafting party of the contract. The standard form of contract is signed between two or more diverse negotiating partners. This contract is lawfully binding the parties to the agreement for doing a certain thing, where bargaining power assigned to one party and it may be written in the contract preliminary for an advantage (Chappell 2014). Overview The standard form of contract plays a significant role to promote the economic efficiency. This type of contract reduces the transaction by preventing the necessitate for the buyers and sellers of services and goods. On the contrary, there is a possibility for the signatories to sign the contract with unjust and inefficient terms. Also, they are not allow to modify or terminate the contract. It is difficult for the large-scale organisations to make separate contracts with every possible person. For that reason, they have a written and printed form of the contract. The contract includes an enormous number of terms and conditions that confine or exclude the liability of the huge companies. The other part of the contract would sign the contract by understanding the conditions without any modifications (Fawzy and El-adaway 2013). The terms may be accepted for following reasons: Seldom read the standard form contracts Lengthy adhesion contracts terms often written in a complex legal language and finely printed seems irrelevant in the contract. The buyers do not understand the legal language apparently, they use to find the information as irrelevant. Although the buyers may understand the terms of the contract, they have no option to negotiate as the contract is represented by the provision of 'take it or leave it'. One need a lot of time to read and understand the terms of the contract, but the expected payoff is very little (Adriaanse and Robinson 2015). Access to full terms is difficult before acceptance Sometimes, one signed a document, which is not the entire contract. The purchaser seldom told that some more terms are written in another location. It reduces the probability that the customer may read the clauses of the contract. Sometimes the provisions are written in the box and have to open the box before reading the terms. For example, the software license agreements interpret after the acceptance of the terms of the contract by buying the good. This types of contracts may be not enforceable as the common law states that all the conditions of the contract should be disclosed before the contract is performed (Eadie et al. 2015). No significance of boilerplate terms The quality and price of the product are most material for the buyers before buying any goods or services, which are understood by them before signing the contract of adhesion. The purchasers are not interested to know or understand the terms of the agreement, which have a little chance of occurrence. For this reason, the opportunity of reading the terms became very quiet, or the buyers use to ignore the provisions of the contract (Cooke and Williams 2013). Social pressure for signing the contract The main details of the transaction firstly explained to the purchasers, then the standard form contracts signed. At that time, social pressure from the various sources are provided to the buyers to wrap up the bargain. The salesperson often said that there is no reason to treat the terms as if that is only waste of time, and told that the conditions are some formalities written by the lawyers and need to sign by purchasers. In case, the buyer stands in the first place in a queue, and then people standing behind him/her give some additional pressure to sign quickly. Finally, in case, the salesperson give a concession on a product describing as a gift, and then the purchaser has the obligation of being co-operative with them and conclude the transaction (Cheung 2014). Exploitation of unequal power relations by standard form contracts If a contract of adhesion is the basis of selling a good and it is crucial for the buyers to buy the product, then the purchasers have an interpretation that they have no other choice other than to accept the terms. The example for these contracts is a rental property or requirement of medical item. The dilemma may be lessened in case the number of suppliers of the goods increase who have different terms written I the contract. However, this solution always not possible to invoke, for instance, a student may have to sign a contract before joining in the college dormitory as the college would not allow the freshman to stay out of the campus (Joyce and Houghton 2014). It is contended that consumers can negotiate with the terms of the contract in a competitive market as they have choices to accept the product in their favourable conditions. However, if one wants the credit card or the other oligopolies, for example, the customer able to shop around with the access to the standard forms of contracts with same types of terms and there is no opportunity to moderate the terms (Ndekugri and Rycroft 2012). Reasonable Notice The document delivered by the person has the duty to provide the proper notice to the other party about the printed provisions of the contract. The terms of the agreement has not bound the offeree if he has not been understood by the offeror (Chong and Phuah 2013). In Henderson v. Stevenson, a steamer ticket was bought by the plaintiff where the destination it was written on the front side and on the back side, certain terms including the liability of loss, injury or damages were mentioned. There was no indication on the front side to refer the back of the ticket for terms and the plaintiff travelled without seeing the back of the ticket. The luggage of the claimant was lost during the journey because of the mistake of employees of the company. The court found the harm to the plaintiff should be recovered from the defendant despite the exemption clause mentioned in the ticket (Henderson v. Stevenson [1875]). Unenforceable nature of the standard form contracts The contractual dispute resolution clause may be unenforceable in the legal system as it seems to be an agreement to agree. In WTE Co-generation and Visy Energy Pty Limited v RCR Energy Pty Limited Anor, there was a provision of dispute resolution in the contract mentioning that the senior executives would attempt to resolve the differences. The court held that the clause of the dispute resolution is the agreement to agree, which is not enforceable at law (WTE Co-generation and Visy Energy Pty Limited v RCR Energy Pty Limited Anor, [2013]). Incorporation of unfair terms The common law stated that at the time of signing the contract, the term of the adhesion contract is to be brought to the notice of the contracting party. The terms of the contract would not be said to be accepted by the party unless they know the provision. Therefore, the term would not be a part of the agreement (AkbÄÂ ±yÄÂ ±klÄÂ ±, Dikmen and Eaton 2012). In Olley v Marlborough Court, the claimant books a hotel room. In the reception desk, the plaintiff signed the contract where any elimination clause was not mentioned. A note was given at the back of the door in the hotel room. In the notice, it was mentioned that the hotel proprietors exclude their liability in case of any damage or loss of the property of the boarders. The court held that the notice referred to in back door is not effective as the contract is already signed by the parties before the claimant saw the notice. The notice in the back of the gate did not form the part of the notice (Olley v Marlboroug h Court, [1949]). Fundamental breach of contract In case one term of the standard forms contract resulted in the basic breach of contract, then such term must be removed from the standard forms contract so that the weaker among the parties be protected. If a party has high bargaining power, then the party tries to insert the exemption clause in the contract that the duty for the performance of the contractual obligation is harmful (Cakmak and Tas 2014). In Alexander v. Railway Executive, the claimant received a ticket in return of his deposition of luggage in the cloak room of defendant. The ticket has a printed term about the exemption of liability of the defendants in the case of any loss or misdelivery of luggage. The luggage of the plaintiff was delivered to an unauthorised person without producing the ticket. The court held that there was a fundamental breach of the contract as of non-delivery of the luggage to the plaintiff. The defendants held liable for the damages to the claimant (Alexander v. Railway Executive [1951]). Liability in tort In case there is a general exemption clause mentioning the exclusion of all obligations in the contract, still the liability for tort will not be excluded. In White v. John Warwick Co Ltd, the defendant, gave the cycle on hire basis to the plaintiff. The defendant settled in the agreement to maintain the cycle in the working condition. The agreement contains a clause that the respondent would not be liable for any personal injury. While travelling in the cycle, the load of the cycle tilted forward and the claimant fall from the cycle and injury occurred. The court held that though the exemption clause mentioned in the agreement, the defendant is liable for their negligence for which the plaintiff got an injury. (White v. John Warwick Co Ltd [1953]) Liability towards the third party The common law of contract stated that contract is an agreement signed by two parties signed it, no third party or any party other than who signed the agreement has any liability to fulfill the contract. However, in certain cases, the third party is liable for the terms of the standard forms of contract (Mzyece et al. 2012). In Morris v. CW Martin Sons, the furrier got the fur garment to clean from the plaintiff. As the furrier was not into the business of cleaning the fur garment, the plaintiff consented to give the garment to the defendant for cleaning. The plaintiff filed a case against the defendant as the fur garments were stolen by the servant of the respondent. The defendant claimed that he should be exempted from the liability as there was no contract signed by the plaintiff and him. The court held the defendant liable for the lost and said that he was not allowed any exemption (Morris v. CW Martin Sons [1966]). Standard forms of Construction Contracts The International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC), New Engineering Contract (NEC) and Joint Contracts Tribunal (JCT) mostly issue the forms of construction contracts used in England. In some cases, the obligation on construction and design are upon the constructor. There are other organizations, which publish standard forms of contracts used on the construction projects like the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) and the Institute of Chemical Engineers (IChemE) (Yoke-Lian et al. 2012). FIDIC The FIDIC forms used three types of design and construction that mainly vary in the assigning dependability for designing the works and in the allotment of risk: The Red Book It is the Conditions of Contract for Construction for Building and Engineering Works Design by the Employer, and also known as the Construction Contract. The Yellow Book Conditions of Contract for Plant and Design Build for Electrical and Mechanical Plant, and for Building and Engineering Works Designed by the Contractor, also known as the Plant and Design-Build Contract; and (c) The Silver Book Conditions of Contract for Engineering, Procurement and Construction/Turnkey Projects, also known as the EPC/Turnkey Contract. FIDIC also publishes the White Book Consultant Model Services Agreement, which is a commonly used standard form for consultant services (Taggart, Koskela and Rooke 2012). NEC The NEC 3 Engineering and Construction Contract (NEC 3 ECC) implements a diverse advancement in the terminology, formation, and contracting the viewpoint to the customary forms, like the FIDIC forms. The NEC 3 adopts a mutual course focusing on the involvement of the party and contract administration. There is another standard form published by the NEC known as the NEC 3 Professional Services Contract. The form implements same collaborative contracting philosophy (Oluwole, Razak and Oluwole 2012). JCT The standard forms contract issued by the Joint Contracts Tribunal (JCT) is the common forms of the contract of building in the real estate of the UK for the construction projects. The standard forms of sub-contract and the collateral warranty also published by the JCT for the use of the construction projects in England. A broad variety of the construction contracts publishes by the JCT in England. The JCT prints standard forms based on the character of the construction projects, the contemplation of particular procurement route, and the calculation of payment for the work done and paid to the contractor (Holt 2013). The JCT standard forms of contracts consist of the typical forms specially made for: Traditional procurement The task for the design of the project and the construction are reserved different, where the employer selected team created the project and accordingly the separately appointed constructors construct the building. Design and build procurement The requirement of the employer is meet by the constructor who is responsible for both designing and constructing the building. Construction management The employer engages a professional team, which is accountable for work design and monitor the work management, some trade contractors with different work packages and manager of construction for administering and managing the trade contracts separately for the company. The consultancy agreements perhaps exercise by the consultants or developers. However, the model forms of industry of the consultant agreement issued by several qualified bodies are often used by some projects. Specifically, the model forms of industry are regarded as consultant-friendly, and bespoke forms are utilised by the developers and preferred by funders (Feinman 2015). Conclusion The standard form contracts are uniform contracts, which contains huge terms and conditions printed and limits or eliminates the liability under the contract. By the standard forms, the large companies got the opportunities to abuse the weak point of the individual. The giant companies imposed the terms on individual look like private legislation can extend to exemption of liability under the contract. When the matter takes to the courts, it is found very difficult to rescue the weaker party. For this reason, certain rules made by the courts have for protection of the interest of the customer, passenger or the consumer to whom any exemption clause of the standard form contracts imposed. References Adriaanse, J. and Robinson, H., 2015. Procurement and Contract Strategy: Risks Allocation and Construction Cost.Design Economics for the Built Environment: Impact of Sustainability on Project Evaluation, p.121. AkbÄÂ ±yÄÂ ±klÄÂ ±, R., Dikmen, S.. and Eaton, D., 2012. Insurance Issues and Design and Build Construction Contracts.e-Journal of New World Sciences Academy,7(1), p.1A0292. Alexander v. Railway Executive [1951] 2 KB 882) Brook, M., 2012.Estimating and tendering for construction work. Routledge. Cakmak, P.I. and Tas, E., 2014. EVALUATION OF THE CONDITIONS OF THE CONTRACT USED IN THE TURKISH CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.International Journal of Academic Research,6(2). Chappell, D., 2014.The JCT Standard Building Contract 2011. John Wiley Sons. Cheung, S.O., 2014. Contractual Use of Alternative Dispute Resolution. InConstruction Dispute Research(pp. 319-336). Springer International Publishing. Chong, H.Y. and Phuah, T.H., 2013. Incorporation of database approach into contractual issues: Methodology and practical guide for organizations.Automation in Construction,31, pp.149-157. condition Cooke, B. and Williams, P., 2013.Construction planning, programming and control. John Wiley Sons. Cooke, B. and Williams, P., 2013.Construction planning, programming and control. John Wiley Sons. Eadie, R., Millar, P., Perera, S., Heaney, G. and Barton, G., 2012. E-readiness of construction contract forms and e-tendering software.International Journal of Procurement Management,5(1), pp.1-26. Fawzy, S.A. and El-adaway, I.H., 2013. Time At Large within the Common Law Legal System: Application to Standard Forms of Contract.Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction,6(1), p.04513002. Feinman, J.M., 2015. Contract Law Present and Future: A Symposium to Honor Professor Charles L. Knapp on Fifty Years of Teaching Law: The Duty of Good Faith: A Perspective on Contemporary Contract Law.Hastings LJ,66, pp.937-1113. Henderson v. Stevenson[1875]L. R. 2 H. L. 470. Holt, G.D., 2013. Construction business failure: conceptual synthesis of causal agents.Construction Innovation,13(1), pp.50-76. Hughes, W., Champion, R. and Murdoch, J., 2015.Construction contracts: law and management. Routledge. Ilozor, B.D. and Kelly, D.J., 2012. Building information modeling and integrated project delivery in the commercial construction industry: A conceptual study.Journal of Engineering, Project, and Production Management,2(1), pp.23-36. Joyce, R. and Houghton, D., 2014. Briefing: Building information modelling and the law.Proceedings of the ICE-Management, Procurement and Law,167(3), pp.114-116. Lahdenper, P., 2012. Making sense of the multi-party contractual arrangements of project partnering, project alliancing and integrated project delivery.Construction Management and Economics,30(1), pp.57-79. Morris v. CW Martin Sons [1966] 1 QB 716 Mzyece, D., Ndekugri, I., Ankrah, N. and Hammond, F., 2012. Contractual provisions for health and safety: Standard form contracts in the UK construction industry. InCIB W099 International Conference: Modeling and Building Safety, Singapore, National University of Singapore. Ndekugri, I. and Rycroft, M., 2012.The JCT 05 Standard Building Contract. Routledge. Olley v Marlborough Court,[1949] 1 KB 532. Oluwole, A.A., Razak, A.R. and Oluwole, F.C., 2012. Comparative Study of Defect Liability Period Practice in Malaysia and Nigeria Building Industry.International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology,3(6), p.808. Porwal, A. and Hewage, K.N., 2013. Building Information Modeling (BIM) partnering framework for public construction projects.Automation in Construction,31, pp.204-214. Sweet, J. and Schneier, M., 2012.Legal aspects of architecture, engineering and the construction process. Cengage Learning. Taggart, M., Koskela, L. and Rooke, J., 2012, September. Collaborative supply chain practices during severe economic downturn in the Republic of Ireland. In S.D. Smith ed.,,Proceedings 28th Annual ARCOM Conference, Edinburgh(pp. 3-5). White v. John Warwick Co Ltd [1953] 1 WLR 1285 WTE Co-generation and Visy Energy Pty Limited v RCR Energy Pty Limited Anor[2013] VSC 314. Yoke-Lian, L., Hassim, S., Muniandy, R. and Mee-Ling, T., 2012. The Assessment of Applications for Extension of Time Claims in Malaysian Construction Industry.International Journal of Engineering and Technology,4(4), p.446.

The Stork And Craddle Shopp Essays - Customer Experience Management

The Stork And Craddle Shopp Introduction Summary of the Present Situation Brad and Sybil, owners of the Stork and Cradle Shop, believe that in order to grows their business they have to advertise or do direct mailings. Yet there is no guarantee that the thousands of dollars you just spent placing ads in newspapers or for the five thousand piece mailing will generate a profitable response. Unless you have a time-tested way to advertise that produces reliable results, you could be wasting limited and valuable resources. Yet many small businesses make the mistake of spending the majority of their time and resources here. While this can be effective method it works best for larger companies who have enough capital to consistently, and over a long period of time buy their customers response. However a small business with limited capital would be better off pursuing more creative marketing techniques to help ensure their success. The Stork and Cradle Shop will have to fly in a different direction this time. Executive Summery The Stork and Cradle is in the business of selling infant clothes and accessories to mothers ages 25 to 35. While this may be true its not really the business they are in from a business owner or a marketing perspective. They are in the business of selling a product, service, and/or an idea. They like so many small businesses must find out what their niche market is and who their customer is. We must also find out were we are on the product life cycle and what we must do to add excitement to that cycle. This will give them a better idea on how to effectively advertise and grow their business on limited funds. Marketing 101/Course of Action Retailing is based on a lot of fixed cost like Rent, initial inventory, phone, phone ad, heat, and labor. So the first step is to increase the unit of Sale. What this means is that they want to make the new and current customer purchase more than they normally would at each visit without scarifying profit margin. They must do this in a manner that will have positive implications so to increase customer satisfaction. The more satisfied a customer is the more likely they are to tell their friends. I call this internal advertising. Internal Advertising is design to towards the most powerful advertising of all-word of mouth. An example of this would be to buy an ink jet printer, scanner, and Transfer paper, heat press for a total cost of 1,500. This will allow you to custom imprint mom precious babys pictures on your existing line of cloths, pillows or almost anything. The uniqueness of this will advertise its self. By making a few phone calls I was able to quickly identify a company called magic touch. They are the ones that make the transfer paper. I called them and ask them if they had any data on the effectiveness of their product and who their main customers are. They said their main customers are Screen printers and office supply stores. They also said their transfer last forever and if it ever fades you can iron it and the colors comes back to brand new condition. This would be a creative marketing technique and would help out the product a lot. Another idea would be to increase the frequency of a sale. If a customer buys once a month then offer them a reason to buy twice a month. Talk to the customer or survey them to find out what will make them come in and buy more often. Customer data is very important and must be used. Upon ringing up a customer find out their name and address. This is not an uncommon practice. This information will help you to find out who your repeat customers are. You can send them information on specials that you may want to offer or new merchandise you may be carrying. Most small business owners I have talked to say word of mouth or referrals is where most of their new customers come from. If referrals are important we must spend time and capital to develop some kind or referral program. An easy way to do this is to

Feasibility Study on Childrens Entertainment Centre

Background Information As a leading commercial hub, Dubai is bulging with vast world-class business opportunities that have enabled it to become a major business attraction for both established and upcoming entrepreneurs in the world.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Feasibility Study on Children’s Entertainment Centre specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a matter of fact, the UAE business centre provides vast business opportunities to both local and foreign investors planning to invest in the UAE region (Marchal 2005). As a result of its strong economical platform, the centre enjoys all the advantages that come with highly developed economies around the world. The centre is also known for its well ordered business climate that offers entrepreneurs attractive environments to conduct their businesses. Among other key developments, Dubai enjoys a sophisticated financial sector, modern telecommunications, firs t class hospitality facilities, highly developed transport and communication infrastructure, and reliable power utilities (Michael et al. 2011). All these opportunities have continued to play a significant role in facilitating quality and efficiency business activities in the UAE region, thus making Dubai a pro-business environment. Based on these reasons, Dubai has emerged as a key business attraction for many investors planning to do business in the Middle East. For the purpose of exposing the vast business opportunities that can be found in Dubai, this paper provides a business strategy guide for an organization that plans to establish a shopping mall in the region. In this regard, I have been hired together with other four people to serve as strategic consultants for the company in its investment plan. Each one of us is expected to handle a specific component of the feasibility study and I am responsible for the kids’ entertainment zone that will feature a Franchise Lego. Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This paper will address four key elements of feasibility study in regard with my choice of brand. The four elements are brand analysis and choice, market analysis and segmentation, operating model, and performance measures. Brand Analysis and Choice As it would be observed, entertainment zones for both adults and children in malls are emerging as hotspots for many people across the world today (Keivani, Parsa Younis 2003). These zones provide all sorts of entertainment to different categories of people visiting the malls for various reasons. There is no doubt that children entertainment zones feed off the traffic in the shopping malls and vice versa, thus serving as key attraction for different types of consumers visiting the malls (El-Adly 2007). In this regard, indoor entertainment and gaming for young children act as crowd pullers for ot her businesses in the malls. This clearly explains the reason why most mall developers have turned to entertainment zones currently. The idea of building malls with entertainment zones for young children has been taking place in many developed countries across the world, and Dubai has now embraced the trend in its development plans (Rashid 2007). The business centre in the UAE has been placing considerable focus on indoor entertainment zones as a core requirement that should be integrated in their state-of-the-art architectural designs and plans (Rehman 2008). As a matter of fact, mall developers in the region will rarely erect a modern business premise without including a one-stop entertainment and recreation zone for children. The brand chosen for this assignment is a Kid’s entertainment zone that will form part of the new shopping mall. As a leading business hub in the world, Dubai offers a wide range of entertainment for all categories of people in the family, including c hildren and toddlers (Hill Jain 2007).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Feasibility Study on Children’s Entertainment Centre specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Business investors in Dubai understand the many benefits associated with leisure for kids, thus ensuring there are as many modern children entertainment zones as possible to cater for the needs of the young ones in the society. As it would be observed, children in Dubai enjoy all kinds of indoor funfair from various places of interest in the region, with malls forming the largest part of the zones offering these services (Duane Webb 2007). Apart from fun, these entertainment zones also provide excellent and unique children educational activities to the participants in a more engaging manner, thus helping them to master important lessons that will see them through the initial developmental stages of life. Entertainment and gaming for young children is gaining much popularity in Dubai nowadays, probably as a result of the many benefits associated with the trend. As a matter of fact, this popularity has attracted the interest of many entrepreneurs planning to invest in the region, who have been setting up entertainment zones in malls and other strategic points of the city (Ong 2011). The choice for the children entertainment centre is an indoor Franchise Lego land that would comprise of various kid activities. Here, toddlers will have access of all activities meant to amuse children of all ages. Among the main areas that will make up the centre is an indoor soft play area where activities such as amusement riding, biking, and driving can take place. There will also a bowling alley and a video game arcade that would feature both motion-gaming and console-gaming.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The facility will also feature a Baby Gym nursery that will enable kids to enjoy maximum fitness from various play materials, a First Aid kid clinic to take care of minor injuries resulting from careless play, and a children’s bookstore from where the youngsters can practice reading. All these gaming activities will provide children with a unique and fascinating learning experience in a number of ways (Grodal 2000). For example, this will enable the kids establish their individual as well as social identities that are essential for perfect child development. Moreover, the activities will play a key role in enhancing the thought processes of the participants, thus stimulating their desire to experience and seek knowledge. Market Analysis and Segmentation We are living in a changing world, and it is therefore important for modern day investors to be familiar with all the aspects that would tend to influence the trends of consumers and competitors so as to maximize their busines s operations in the market. As it would be observed, the gaming and entertainment industry is at its top stage currently, and this provides great business opportunities for the investors in the field. Investment in the gaming and entertainment sector has become a norm for many developing and developed countries in the world, considering the vast economical benefits associated with the trend. As a leading international business centre, Dubai has been making substantial efforts to match other developed regions of the world in providing business opportunities to the people in the industry by promoting the idea of children entertainment centres in malls (Saxena 2011). Just like any other business, Franchise of children’s activity is fetching a lot of income for the investors taking place in the field within the UAE’s business centre. The trend of gaming and entertainment for kids is gripping in Dubai as a result of the centre’s outstanding status as a global busines s hub as well as a pro-business environment that welcomes all kind of commercial activities. Among other economic advantages, Dubai is at the centre of one of the richest regions of the world today (Darby, Jones Al Madani 2003). In this regard, the region provides a unique value added platform for all types of businesses, including the ones specializing in gaming and entertainment for children. Dubai is a busy business hub characterized with all sorts of economic activities that can be found in a global business hub (Vogel 2010). This will have the meaning that most people in the region are ever busy in their areas of accountability and this makes it hard for them to find extra moments for their young ones. In this respect, children amusement zones in malls, high-street areas, and residential places serve as a convenient option for many parents in Dubai, who will opt to leave their young ones in the entertainment zones as they take care of other businesses. For instance, parents ca n leave their young ones under the care of the staff in children’s play areas in malls as they go off to conduct their shopping without worrying about them. This makes children entertainment centres in malls a better choice for many parents and guardians intending to stay free from the bother of their children as they attend to important business or personal missions in the malls. As a broadly diversified economy that attracts players from allover the world, Dubai has enhanced its attractiveness in many ways, with entertainment and gaming facilities topping the list of the City’s priorities when it comes to matters regarding leisure (Noack 2007). In this regard, the city provides a superior quality lifestyle with excellent entertainment and gaming opportunities for both children and adults. Most of these entertainment zones are situated in malls, where security for toddlers is guaranteed even when their parents or guardians are away. More importantly, some children ent ertainment zones in Dubai also act as party centres, thus serving as key attractions for parents wishing to give their young ones a special treat during special moments. Here, parents and guardians can celebrate their children’s special moments such as birthday or graduation ceremonies with party celebrations that are relevant to the occasion being marked. Everything appears to have taken a different course as far as the gaming and entertainment for toddlers is concerned. This transformation, however, has come as a result of the current innovations and technologies that have played a key role in making next generation gaming accessible to all people across the world. Being one of the most advanced regions in the world today, Dubai enjoys a wide range of user-friendly gaming and entertainment programs and activities that would appeal to children of all ages (Kaplan Norton 2001). Most of these entertainment and gaming programs are tailored to fit the needs of a franchise model , thus making children entertainment more substantial. The nature of the gaming and entertainment programs is rapidly being modified using modern technologies to suit the playing needs of the current generation (Venaik, Midgley Devinney 2005). Parents and guardians in Dubai are keeping with the times and are doing everything to ensure that their children enjoy the latest brands in the entertainment industry. In that case, the parents will tend to make frequent visits to children entertainment centres in malls to see if there are any latest arrivals that will amuse their children. This is a clear indication that there is a promising potential in this market segment in Dubai. Market segmentation is very important, since it helps to determine the success of a business within a particular region (Acuto 2010). In this regard, the company should conduct a thorough analysis of the market in order to come up with an informed identification of the existing market needs as far as this type o f business is concerned. Even though it is impossible for the company to transfer the mall to a feasible location after it has being established, it will be easy for the management to establish effective marketing strategies that will enable the business to succeed. One way by which this objective can be attained is through effective market segmentation. Competitors are just allover in the region, and they will tend to impact the way the company performs. However, through a thorough market segmentation analysis, the company will manage to do things in a different manner, thus beating the obstacle of competitors in the market. On the same note, the company can go for those gaming programs and equipment that are not very common in the local market as a way of differentiating itself from the competitors. More importantly, the organization can make use of incentives such as discounts and bonuses to attract and retain more customers. Operating Model The model of operation for the busines s is very important for it will play a crucial role in determining the end goal. In most cases, children entertainment centres tend to operate within certain guidelines depending on a number of determinants that include things such as the age of the children being served and their playing needs, among other key aspects. Following is a plan of the operating model for the Franchise Lego land. Opening Time and Hours of Operation Like all other businesses in the mall, the gaming and entertainment centre should be opened in the mornings and operate through the normal hours of the day. However, this may change on the weekends and during public holidays to fit the requirements of the company or the people in charge of the entertainment business. Cost of Services As it is the case with most entertainment and gaming zones, charges in the Franchise Lego land should be variable depending on the type of gaming or entertainment services offered and the average amount of time spend per visit. Add itional services offered on top of the normal gaming and entertainment services could also apply in determining the cost of services in the centre. Examples of additional services may include things such as recreational services, birthday parties, and special treatment for kids. Charges may also vary depending on the nature of the services offered. For example, supervised children engagement in the centre whereby the kids are accompanied by their parents or guardians will not cost the same as unsupervised engagements where a staff aligned to the centre is given the responsibility to take care of the children. Obviously, charges for the latter should be a bit higher compared to the ones in those scenarios where children play under the watch of their parents or guardians. More importantly, the children entertainment centre should operate on both peak and off-peak costs based on the days of operation. There is no doubt that the business will tend to attract varied numbers of customers on different times. For instance, while the number of children visiting the centre may remain constant during weekdays, it is likely to go up on weekends and during public holidays when most parents are free to take their children out for leisure. As it would be observed, the price of commodities and services in the market depends on a number of variables (Mellahi, Demirbag Riddle 2011). For example, the price for both commodities and services are likely to rise when demand increases and fall when the demand falls. On the same note, the cost of charges for different gaming programs in the entertainment centre should be a bit higher on weekends and during public holidays when the number of visitors is high, compared to the weekdays when the number is down. Performance Measures The children entertainment centre should adopt various performance measures that would enable it survive in today’s competitive business environment. There is no doubt that every business in todayâ€⠄¢s business world is focused on utilizing all available resources to stay ahead of competitors in the market. While offering excellent services to customers is likely to offer a strong competitive advantage to the gaming and entertainment business, doing things in a different manner will steer the business to greater heights in the market. This objective can be attained through the provision of gaming concepts that appeal most to children during this era of modern technological advancements. More importantly, the provision of a wide array of customizable entertainment experiences that comprise of friendly and intuitive playing options will play a crucial role in enhancing the performance of the business (Voelpel, Leibold Tekie 2004). Another way through which the business can operate differently and stabilize itself in the market is by offering its entertainment services for children at a lowered cost. This objective can be achieved by offering gaming services at a cost slightly l ower than the ones provided by competitors in the market. There are various approaches that can be used to measure the performance of businesses to determine whether they are making a progress in the market (Kochan et al. 2003). For instance, the management of the children entertainment centre can apply the observation method to read the facial expressions of the customers and try to determine their perceptions about the services they have received. This approach can also be used to assess people’s satisfaction based on how frequent they visit the centre. The business can also supply customers and clients with survey templates which they can fill up and return to the company expressing their views about the services their children have received from the entertainment centre. Brief oral interviews can also be carried out randomly on parents to determine their views and suggestions on the services provided. All these interventions will play a significant role in helping the bus iness achieve great success in the UAE business centre. Reference List Acuto, M 2010, ‘High-rise Dubai urban entrepreneurialism and the technology of symbolic power’, Cities, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 272-284. Darby, R, Jones, J Al Madani, G 2003, ‘E-commerce marketing: fad or fiction? Management competency in mastering emerging technology. An international case analysis in the UAE’, Logistics Information Management, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 106-113. Duane, R Webb, J 2007, ‘Strategic entrepreneurship: Creating competitive advantage through streams of innovation’, Business Horizons, vol. 50, no.1, pp. 49-59. El-Adly, M 2007, ‘Shopping malls attractiveness: a segmentation approach’, International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 936-950. Grodal, T 2000, ‘Video games and the pleasures of control’, Media Entertainment: The Psychology of Its Appeal, vol. 35, no. 26, pp. 197-213. Hill, C Jain, A 2007, International business: Competing in the global marketplace, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, New York, NY. Kaplan, R Norton, D 2001, The strategy-focused organization: How balanced scorecard companies thrive in the new business environment, Harvard Business Press, Boston, USA. Keivani, R, Parsa, A Younis, B 2003, ‘Development of the ICT sector and urban competitiveness: the case of Dubai’, Journal of Urban Technology, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 19-46. Kochan, T, Bezrukova, K, Ely, R, Jackson, S, Joshi, A, Jehn, K Thomas, D 2003, ‘The effects of diversity on business performance: Report of the diversity research network’, Human resource management, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 3-21. Marchal, R 2005, ‘Dubai: global city and transnational hub’, Transnational connections and the Arab Gulf, vol. 16, no. 7, pp. 93. Mellahi, K, Demirbag, M Riddle, L 2011, ‘Multinationals in the Middle East: Challenges and opportunities’, Journal of World Business, vol. 46, no. 4 , pp. 406-410. Michael, I., Armstrong, A., Badran, B., King, B 2011, ‘Dubai outbound tourism: An exploratory study of Emiratis and expatriates’, Journal of Vacation Marketing, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 83-91. Noack, S 2007, Doing business in Dubai and the United Arab Emirates, McGraw-Hill, New York. Ong, A 2011, Introduction: worlding cities, or the art of being global, Wiley†Blackwell, New York. Rashid, H 2007, ‘Performing Elegance’, Architectural Design, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 76-81. Rehman, A 2008, Dubai Co: global strategies for doing business in the Gulf states, McGraw-Hill, New York. Saxena, R 2011, Dubai mall: a multipurpose destination in the Middle East, Wiley†Blackwell, New York. Venaik, S, Midgley, D Devinney, T 2005, ‘Dual paths to performance: The impact of global pressures on MNC subsidiary conduct and performance’, Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 36, no. 6, pp. 655-675. Voelpel, S, Leibold, M Tekie, E 2004, ‘The wheel of business model reinvention: how to reshape your business model to leapfrog competitors, Journal of Change Management, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 259-276. Vogel, H 2010, Entertainment industry economics: A guide for financial analysis, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom. This report on Feasibility Study on Children’s Entertainment Centre was written and submitted by user Mia Sharp to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Medicinal Plants Of The Rainforest

Medicinal Plants of the Rainforest Of the 265,000 species of flowering plants that have been identified on this planet, only 0.5% of them have been studied in detail for chemical composition and medicinal value. In fact, modern scientists only know the chemical composition of less than 5% of the flora in the rainforest. However, indigenous peoples who live in the rainforest can identify specific uses for 49-82% of the trees in their local environment. In fact, 75% of the world population still use plants and plant extracts for their medicinal needs. Indigenous people of the rainforest provide priceless resources in the form of knowledge about the potential usefulness of medicinal plants. It can even be argued that the knowledge of tropical plants as medicinal resources is more in danger of extinction that the actual plants themselves. When the Europeans first came to Amazonia, the estimated population of indigenous peoples was 6.8 million, but by the early 1970's the population was estimated at about 500,000. The use of medicinal plants can be traced back to ancient China, India, Greece and Persia. As early as 1552, the Aztecs that were conquered by the Spaniards used medicinal plants as â€Å"peace offerings† to the king of Spain who was on quests to find new medicines and species in the newly conquered land. By the 19th century scientists treated malaria with quinine extracted from the bark of the cinchona tree. In the 1960's scientists discovered that an ingredient in the Madagascar rosy periwinkle could be used to treat some types of childhood leukemia. Today two anti-tumor agents are found in the rosy periwinkle, one of which provides for a 99% chance of remission in lymphocytic leukemia and the other offers a 58% chance of life in remission to sufferers of Hodgkin's Disease. Before 1960, there was only a nineteen percent survival rate of people with Hodgkin’s Disease. There are also many plants that contain chemicals that c... Free Essays on Medicinal Plants Of The Rainforest Free Essays on Medicinal Plants Of The Rainforest Medicinal Plants of the Rainforest Of the 265,000 species of flowering plants that have been identified on this planet, only 0.5% of them have been studied in detail for chemical composition and medicinal value. In fact, modern scientists only know the chemical composition of less than 5% of the flora in the rainforest. However, indigenous peoples who live in the rainforest can identify specific uses for 49-82% of the trees in their local environment. In fact, 75% of the world population still use plants and plant extracts for their medicinal needs. Indigenous people of the rainforest provide priceless resources in the form of knowledge about the potential usefulness of medicinal plants. It can even be argued that the knowledge of tropical plants as medicinal resources is more in danger of extinction that the actual plants themselves. When the Europeans first came to Amazonia, the estimated population of indigenous peoples was 6.8 million, but by the early 1970's the population was estimated at about 500,000. The use of medicinal plants can be traced back to ancient China, India, Greece and Persia. As early as 1552, the Aztecs that were conquered by the Spaniards used medicinal plants as â€Å"peace offerings† to the king of Spain who was on quests to find new medicines and species in the newly conquered land. By the 19th century scientists treated malaria with quinine extracted from the bark of the cinchona tree. In the 1960's scientists discovered that an ingredient in the Madagascar rosy periwinkle could be used to treat some types of childhood leukemia. Today two anti-tumor agents are found in the rosy periwinkle, one of which provides for a 99% chance of remission in lymphocytic leukemia and the other offers a 58% chance of life in remission to sufferers of Hodgkin's Disease. Before 1960, there was only a nineteen percent survival rate of people with Hodgkin’s Disease. There are also many plants that contain chemicals that c...

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Advanced Social Psychology: Overview and Analysis Theresa A. Patterson Social psychology is a relatively young science. This branch of psychology includes the study of individual behavior in a social setting as well as factors that influence behavior. Social psychology was established as a formal discipline approximately one hundred years ago (Reis, 2010). Throughout its history, social psychology demonstrated the effects of notable social and political themes of various time periods. Also, methodological and theoretical advances impacted the development of social psychology in many ways. Although many people equate the origins of social psychology with the publication of the first social psychology textbook by McDougall in 1908, the roots of this field can be traced to the writings of Aristotle and Plato (Reis, 2010). For example, Aristotle noted the need for individuals to live in groups, while Plato emphasized the impact of the environment on behavior. McDougall incorporated the concepts of emotion and morality in his textbook and emphasized the idea that behavior was instinctive and individual. In addition to McDougall’s contribution, Wundt’s writings regarding the effect of groups on individual behavior played a critical role in the development of social psychology (Reis, 2010). However, Wundt did not advocate experimental methods. In addition, his ideas did not match the behaviorist views that predominated in the early 1900’s. Thus, Wundt’s views were not long-lived on social psychologists. Despite the advent of novel social psychology textbooks, the discipline of social psychology was not well defined. The work of Floyd Allport in 1924 outlined the tenets of social psychology in a way that reflected current thinking to a higher degree (Reis, 2010). Allport noted that interpersonal relationships are the hallmark of social psychology, but emphasized that social psychology must be studied in terms of the individual rather than in terms of the group (Patterson, 2015). Additionally, Allport asserted that many factors in the environment might elicit behaviors. Allport took an experimental approach in social psychology and invested hos efforts in basic research (Reis, 2010). Allport’s writings, which emphasized such topics as conformity, emotion and social influence, exerted a lasting impact on contemporary researchers. Although Allport clearly utilized a methodological approach, Norman Triplett is widely credited with the implementation of the first social psychology experiment in 1898 (Reis, 2010). Triplett (1898) investigated the effect of the presence of other individuals on performance based upon his observation that bicyclists rode faster when paced by another rider. In addition, Sherif (1936) conducted studies that investigated the development of social norms and the impact that societal rules had on behavior. The occurrence of events such as the Great Depression, World War I and World War II set the stage for further development in social psychology (Patterson, 2015). During the World War II era, several European social psychologists fled Nazi Germany and immigrated to the United States. Notably, Kurt Lewin implemented research regarding group processes and styles of leadership in the workplace (Reis, 2010). Furthermore, Lewin’s field experiments during World War II, founding of the S ociety for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI), and his conviction in the applied aspect of social psychology, left a lasting impact on the field (Reis, 2010). Following the end of World War II, the discipline of social psychology flourished in the United States (Reis, 2010). Social psychologists enjoyed greater prestige and high status, and were rewarded by the government with new research facilities, grants, and teaching positions. The G.I. Bill created a need for psychologists to teach at universities, and tenure was quickly earned (Reis, 2010). Also, research on conformity and obedience demonstrated the power of group influence on the beliefs and behaviors of participants (Asch, 1956). Other notable experiments occurred during this era, which lasted from approximately 1946 to 1969. For example, Festinger’s (1957) research regarding cognitive dissonance showed that individuals strive to maintain consistence between their beliefs and their behaviors (Reis, 2010). Additionally, Milgram’s (1963) experiments on obedience to authority demonstrated that the majority of people will obey an authority figure even if it includes infl icting possible harm to others. Furthermore, research on romantic attraction generated both interest as well as controversy among social psychologists (Reis, 2010). Despite ground-breaking advances in the area of interpersonal attraction, many people did not think that love and romance should be topics of research experiments. In addition, the 1964 murder of Kitty Genovese stimulated bystander intervention research (Reis, 2010). The attempt by the government during the 1960s to eradicate societal wrongdoings generated research regarding the interaction of personality variables and environmental factors in behaviors. The 1970’s was notable for an increase in social cognition studies (Reis, 2010). However, the public became disillusioned with the possibility that society could benefit from social psychology research. In addition, women and minorities noted that social psychology represented an extremely biased view of predominantly male, white, middle-class social psychologists. As a result of this crisis of public confidence, a more comprehensive and revitalized discipline of social psychology emerged. For example, more rigorous ethical standards in experimental research were implemented (Reis, 2010). As social psychology continues to grow in the present era, views are expanding to include interdisciplinary as well as global concepts. The influence of social psychology has been demonstrated in various areas such as healthcare, industry and schools (Reis, 2010). Additionally, technological advances provided access to participants from many cultures. This cross-cultural perspective will undoubtedly influence future research studies. Also, methodological advances, as well as growth in neuroscience and evolutionary psychology, will continue to assist researcher in the interpretation of data. Advances in social psychology would not be possible without experimental research. However, proposed studies and related methodology necessitate attention to ethical concerns. As social psychology grew, researchers shifted their focus from speculation to the demonstration of empirical evidence. Early laboratory experiments were often criticized for their artificiality and potential biases (Reis, 2010). As a result of this evaluation, field studies were conducted to provide realistic results that could be generalized to other situations (Reis, 2010). Therefore, ethical codes of conduct must be in place to make certain that participants are not harmed in any manner. In general, researchers must adhere to the ethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence and justice. The American Psychological Association (APA) developed its code of ethical standards to guide researchers in appropriate treatment of participants. The 1974 National Research Act requires the formation of committees referred to as Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) to review potential experiments before researchers begin a study (Gravetter Forzano, 2006). This process, which may include required modifications and revisions, helps to ensure the protection of participants’ welfare. For example, an IRB will examine the cost/benefit ratio to ascertain whether the possible benefits are greater than potential risks. In the event that risks are likely, researchers may be advised to seek lower-cost alternatives (Gravetter Forzano, 2006). Experiments involving the use of deception must be carefully evaluated prior to the start of the study for analysis of the cost/benefit ratio. Above all, researchers must always endeavor to protect participants from harm. In addition, researchers must obtain informed consent from all participants prior to the start of an experiment. Informed consents includes the responsibility of researchers to be forthcoming regarding possible risks and what is involved in the experiment. For example, Asch’s (1956) study concerning conformity involves a possible breach of informed consent for several reasons. First, participants were deceived regarding the nature of the experiment. Also, participants were not told about the possibility of stress during the experiment, and may have suffered subsequent mental distress. Asch’s (1956) study included the debriefing of participants, which is now required in all experimental studies. Debriefing involves explaining the true nature of the study to participants after the experiment is over (Gravetter Forzano, 2006). Several additional research studies were criticized for violations of ethical principles. For example, Milgram’s (1963) landmark experiment regarding obedience to authority generated much controversy. This experiment investigated the power of authority figures on individuals by â€Å"ordering† them to administer electric â€Å"shocks† to a confederate. Participants were misled concerning the nature of the study and may have suffered severe distress as a result of the deception. Furthermore, participants may not have been aware that they had the right to leave the experiment at any time. Because the participants were paid, they might have felt obliged to continue as long as necessary. During the course of the study, the experimenter urged participants to continue to the end of the experiment. Thus, coercion might have been a factor that contributed to participants’ completion of the experiment (Gravetter Forzano, 2006). Milgram’s (1963) study illustrated an explicit violation of ethical principles regarding informed consent. This violation included misinformation concerning potential psychological harm as well as not informing participants that they were free to terminate the experiment at any time. Additionally, researchers did not adhere to the critical principle of inflicting no harm upon participants. Many participants in Milgram’s (1963) study reported significant mental distress from both the pressure of the experimenter and subsequent guilt associated with their willingness to inflict pain upon others. Since individual differences could not be ascertained, researchers were unable to predict the extent of participants’ distress. Finally, past research demonstrated the crucial role that environmental and situational factors play in human behavior (Haley, Banks, Zimbardo, 1973). A study by Haley, Banks and Zimbardo (1973) utilized a simulated prison setting in which participants were randomly assigned to the roles of prisoners or guards. However, the participants quickly adapted to their roles and reacted as though the situation was a real-life occurrence. The guards behaved in a cruel and demeaning manner, and the prisoners became increasingly passive and depressed. The experimented had to be terminated early as a result of the extreme psychological symptoms that participants exhibited. The realistic nature of the experiment may have precluded participants from exercising their right to withdraw from the study. Like the Milgram (1963) study, researchers associated with the simulated prison study were not able to predict the extent of psychological harm to participants, which violated an element of informed consent. During the majority of the experiment, no attempt was made to curtail the abuse inflicted by the guards toward the prisoners. Thus, potential harm to participants was not minimized (Gravetter Forzano, 2006). Although participants were screened for psychological disorders, the development of unanticipated harmful effects changed the risk/benefit ratio. Researchers must continually evaluate potential risks that may occur during the study as well as possible benefits. In addition, researchers need to ensure that participation in experiments is completely voluntary and that participants do not feel coerced. If deception will be utilized, researchers must be certain that no viable alternatives exist (Gravetter Forzano, 2006). Finally, in most circumstances, researchers need to obtain an informed consent form for each participant in the study. Also, researchers must be vigilant regarding signs of psychological distress or unexpected effects of participation in the study. Debriefing is essential to ensure that participants understand the purpose of the experiment and to alleviate any negative effects of participation in the study (Gravetter Forzano, 2006). Finally, researchers must protect the confidentiality of data that is collected as well as identifying information that is provided by participants. References Asch, S. (1956). Studies of independence and conformity: A minority of one against a unanimous majority. Psychological Monographs, 70, No. 9 (Whole No. 416). Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson. Gravetter, F., Forzano, L. (2006). Research methods for the behavioral sciences. (2nd. Ed.). Mason, OH: Thompson. Haney, C., Banks, C., Zimbardo, P. (1973). Interpersonal dynamics in a simulated prison. International Journal of Criminology and Penology, 1, 69-97. Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 57(4), 371-378. Patterson, T. (2015). Advanced social psychology midterm exam. Unpublished manuscript. Mount Aloysius College, Cresson, PA. Reis, H. (2010). How we got here from there: A brief history of social psychology. In R. Baumeister E. Finkel (Eds.), Advanced social psychology: The state of the science. (pp. 25-60). NY: Oxford University Press. Sherif, M. (1936). The psychology of social norms. New York: Harper Bros. Triplett, N. (1898). The dynamogenic factors in pacemaking and competition. American Journal of Psychology, 9(4), 507-533.

Decolonization and Influence of the Cold War Essay

The decades following World War II were all centered on the concept of decolonization, the dismantlement of Imperial empires established prior to World War I throughout Africa and Asia. Due to the aftermath of World War II, countries around the world experienced massive independent movements whose objective was to eliminate colonization and form new independent nations. The process of decolonization was separated by three different approaches: civil war, negotiated independence through foreign pressure, and violent incomplete decolonization. China, for example, had its internal struggles with Nationalistic and Communist parties conflicting that caused a civil war between the two ideologies. Countries including India and South Africa attempted decolonization through non-violent independence movements as well as peaceful negotiations for independence. Though some countries independently sought for decolonization, it was inevitable that decolonization became intertwined with the politics and interventions of the Cold War. After World War II, the world was divided into two blocs, one dominated by the United States and one by the Soviet Union. Because the United States and the Soviet Union couldn’t confront with one another directly in Europe, the two nations were strongly tempted to influence the process of decolonization through proxy nations in all parts of the world. Ultimately, the conflict between United States and Soviet Union disputed over decolonization of nations throughout the world including Korea, Cuba, and Indo-China (Vietnam). Though the Cold War did not imply a great loss of life or substantial bloodshed, it is best described as a severe ideological conflict revolving around territorial expansion efforts. Capitalism, which governed the United States economy and democracy, was the center of the United States government. On the opposite end, the Soviet Union adopted Communism, a predominant economic system that demanded extensive government control. The Cold War conflicts took effect as an indirect competition; a race to see which ideology would, in a sense, dominate the world. The East, represented by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies, advocated the destruction of capitalism and the establishment of Communism throughout the world. Opposing them were the United States and its North American Treaty Organization  (NATO) allies that attempted to contain Communist expansion efforts, defending its actions through the Truman Doctrine and the Domino Theory. The Domino theory stated that if one nation fell to Communism, the neighboring nations would be affected and falls to Communism, eventually resulting in the inevitable spread of Communism throughout the world. One of the first nations that the United States and Soviet Union sought to establish control was in Korea. After 1949, when Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong proclaimed the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, the spread of communism began to target the country of Korea. Following the end of World War II, Korea was divided along the 38th parallel into â€Å"Soviet† North Korean and â€Å"American† South Korea occupation zones. Heavily armed with artillery and tanks, North Korean troops crossed and invaded South Korea on June 25th, 1950. Abiding to the containment of the Domino theory, United States immediately responded to the unprovoked attack. Under the leadership of the supreme commander of the United Nations coalition forces, General Douglas MacArthur, the South Korean forces managed to push back the Communist forces back behind the 38th parallel. The duration of the Korean War lasted three years and an armistice agreement was signed on July 27th, 1953. The Korean War was an extremely costly war, both in causalities and in financial areas. Though the United States did halt the advancement of Communist takeover, the decolonization conflict in Korea was one of the most flagrant confrontations of the Cold War that intensified the brutal effect of opposing ideologies. Another Cold War incident occurred not far from the United States soil. Up until the mid-20th century, Latin America had always kept good political relations with the United States. However, internal turmoil in Cuba and the rise of Fidel Castro resulted in the unorthodox alliance with the Soviet Union. In an attempt to terminate the Soviet Union influence in Cuba, President John F. Kennedy sent a team of 1,500 CIA-trained Cuban exiles but was quickly defeated by Castro’s army. The â€Å"Bay of Pigs† incident was not the only confrontation between Cuba and United States; the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 22, 1962was the peak of nuclear arms war of the Cold War era. Prior to a CIA spy plane discovering missile sites on Cuba, the Soviet Union was secretly supplying building material and missiles to Cuban  military bases. With the options of a full scale invasion of Cuba, a massive air strike, or a naval blockade, the Kennedy administration had to quickly decide on what course of action to take. Eight days passed and the catastrophe was averted when President Kennedy instituted a naval blockade to prevent Soviet ships to reach Cuba. President Kennedy and Soviet Union’s Nikita Khrushchev reached in agreement as the Soviet Union removed their missiles from Cuba and the United States agreed not to attack Cuba. The conflict in Cuba not only characterizes the alarming intensity of the Soviet Union and the United States but also solidifies the importance of the influence the countries had in the matters of decolonization. One of the final and longest conflicts of decolonization was in Vietnam. The struggle for Vietnam between Communists and Western nations lasted from 1945 to 1975. In the previous century, Vietnam had been colonized by France. With encouragement and support from Stalin and Mao Zedong, Vietnamese Communists successfully rose against the French. At the start of what was known as the First Indochina War, the French government asked the United States for support against the Vietnamese Communists but the United States government did not initially grant support to the French to avoid heightened discrepancies with the Soviet Union. The Geneva Conference peace terms between France and delegates from Vietnam agreed to a partition, separating Vietnam at the 17th parallel (much like the boundary parameters set in Korea). Believing that the Geneva treaty granted too much authority to the Vietnamese Communists, the United States supported the creation of a counter-communist alternative south of th e 17th parallel. The establishment of the Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO) brought about a United States supported government in South Vietnam. In an attempt to reunify Vietnam under Communist rule, the Communists created a unified front to help mobilize southerners in opposition of Ngo Ding Diem, leader of South Vietnamese government. It was known as the National Liberation Front but became known by the Americans as the â€Å"Viet Cong.† The Viet Cong operated as a guerilla force and eventually overthrew Diem’s government and had him assassinated. In effort to regain Saigon, capital of Vietnam, and halt the complete takeover of Communism in Vietnam, President Lyndon Johnson escalated war efforts by utilizing more manpower and firepower. Despite the  heavy losses on the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces, the war was tiring on both sides and was dragging out. President Nixon managed to end hostilities between the United States and North Vietnam with the Paris Peace Agreement in January 23rd 1975. Although the peace terms were final, the South Vietnamese government continued to battle the Communist forces. With the support of Soviet Union, the Communist forces managed to take Saigon in April 30th 1975. The effects of the Vietnam War were devastating on both parties. The end of the Vietnam War realized the consequences of a confrontation between the East and the West. The Soviet Union managed to exert their Communist influence in the end but the end result of the war manages to signal the end of Cold War influences on decolonization. The era following the end result of World War II ushered in a time of decolonization throughout the world. Through peaceful negotiations or violent civil wars, independent nations became to form by breaking away from their respective Imperialist countries. However, at the same time, the decades also promoted the conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States. The conflicting ideologies of Capitalism and Communism served as a major role in the Cold War. With disputes over countries such as Korea, Cuba, and Vietnam, it became apparent that the politics of the Cold War contributed to the decolonization process across the globe.

Concept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Paper Essay

The core concepts of nursing theories are the building blocks of any nursing theory model, which include the fundamentals views of person, environment, health and nursing. Incorporating the general ideologies of nursing principles and practice, the four concepts display the way nursing examines and treat persons within the nursing continuum. While these four concepts are interdepended with one another, each one stems from the formation of the idea that comes before. These concepts guides nurses in their everyday practices. According to Brilowski and Wendler (2005), nurses embody the ideas as they assess, plan, and deliver care. This paper will identify the core concepts from theorist Jean Watson and Sister Callista Roy, as well as comparing the two theories and how nursing’s implication and application to nursing practice is based on them. Nursing has been based on the practice of delivering care, insuring the welfare of humans and assisting them in meeting their needs whilst providing education on how to care for themselves. Accountability lies with the nursing profession that they promote good health, disease prevention, and providing care to the ill and dying patient. Nursing has been known to be an art as well as a science that is ever evolving. Science, theories and nursing practice has been the foundation to elevating nursing as a profession. Sister Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model (RAM) implies that nursing is a scientific discipline that focuses on practice (Andrews & Roy, 1991). RAM describes nursing as the promotion of adaptation and health that involves intervention; the fifth step of the nursing process that describes the best method to support the patient in reaching their goals. According to Andrews and Roy (1991), Roy’s nursing objective is â€Å"the promotion of adaptation in each of the four modes, thereby contributing to the person’s health, quality of life and dying with  dignity†. Nurses need to discover ways to maintain a compassionate practice regardless of the professional difficulties and Jean Watson’s caring theory is key to obtaining this goal. Jean Watson (1988) shares nursing as a social science of human health and disease experiences adjudicated by scientific, professional, personal, esthetic, and ethical personal care communications. According to Watson (1988), working as an artist is characteristic of the nurse’s role, and is a crucial part of providing care to patients and their families. The goal of nursing is health promotion, disease prevention, caring for the sick and the restoration of health (Watson, 1988). Watson goes on to say that holistic care is crucial to the practice of the caring nurse. Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring also known as The Caring Model has gone through revisions since its origination in 1979. Watson’s principles of theory are the carative factors, which include the transpersonal caring relationship, and the caring moment (2001). Watson constructed the model in order to define nursing as a well-developed profession, which emphasizes on quality and caring. She proceeds to introduce seven assumptions about the science of caring and theorizes that caring encompasses carative factors with the intent sequel to be fulfilling to specific personal needs, which support s health, and personal/family growth. According to Watson (1988), the science of caring compliments the science of curing in which the practice of caring is fundamental to nursing. According to Watson (2014), transpersonal caring relationships are the foundation and send a â€Å"concern for the inner life world and subjective meaning of another who is fully embodied†. Watson (2014), â€Å"transpersonal seeks to connect with and embrace the spirit or soul of the other through the process of caring and healing and being in authentic relation, in the moment†. Transpersonal caring calls for the nurse to be genuine, and in the moment and have the ability to focus on caring, healing and wholeness rather than on the disease and illness (Watson, 2014). The link between nursing and caring can heal due to increased knowledge, experience and purposeful contact. This contact describes how the nurse transcends a neutral evaluation, and the expression of interest towards an individual’s personal and profound essence relating to his/her own personal health. According to Watson (2001) the providing person and the person receiving care connect in support of pursuing meaning, wholeness, and possibly for the spiritual  existence of suffering. The focus of transpersonal caring is to conserve, improve, and sustain the morality of an individual’s humanism, integrity and tranquility. Watson uses the carative factors as a standard for nursing’s concentration and applies the expression carative factors to differentiate from traditional medicine’s curative factors. The emphasis of her carative factors is to â€Å"honor the social dimensions of nursing’s work and the inner life world and subjective experiences of the people we serve† (Watson, 1997b). â€Å"Whereas curative factors aim at curing the patient of disease, carative factors aim at the caring process that helps the person attain (or maintain) health or die a peaceful death† (Watson, 1985, p. 7). Watson’s framework on the science of caring is constructed around ten carative factors, and benefits nurses with the delivery of care to patients. Jean’s first three Caritas sets the theoretical tone for the science of cari ng and lays the foundation for the remaining seven processes. The humanistic-altruistic system of values is crucial to the nursing process and toward the maturation of nurses. Instilling hope and faith to the patient is a vital component to the caring and curing model. When a patient education has run its course, what is left is instilling hope and faith in order to cultivate a sense of wellness, which may become instrumental to them. The nurturing of information to oneself and others examines the nurses’ need to initiate experiences and emotions as it displays. When nurses practice sensitivity, it brings on a more genuine and trustworthy impression, which motivates self-maturity and self-actualization. So as nurses who articulate person-to-person relationships, health and sophisticated behavior is promoted. Good communication skills which entails verbal and non-verbal as well as listening, exhibits a caring personality and creates caring and rapport with the patient. The ability to acknowledge affirmative and negative connotations increases level of understanding and the awareness of such emotions helps understand the behavior that is being conveye d. Watson (1990) insinuates that feelings modify thoughts and behaviors for deliberation and allowance in a caring connection. She continues to elevate the individual character of nursing and advocates the necessity to evaluate and formulate further methods of practice to implement a holistic approach. The caring nurse should also include an emphasis on the learning process in addition to teaching. When a nurse can accept and understand a person’s  attitude regarding his/her status, it lends the ability of the nurse to create a cognitive plan. While considering the requirements for a caring, protecting, and curative emotional, physical, socio-cultural, and spiritual environment, Watson segregates the factor into two variables; internal and external interdependent. Nurses utilize these variables in an effort to gain support and protection for the person’s emotional and physical well-being. Offering assistance of fulfilling the human need is a hierarchy of need that is com parable to Maslow. Watson constructed a hierarchy that is important to the science of caring and for the quality of nursing care whilst promoting optimal health. The way in which human existence comprehends each other allows the nurse to incorporate and reconcile inconsistencies of how the perception of the person as a holistic being, while focusing on the hierarchical arrangement. This enables the nurse to assist the patient in discovering strengths and courage when facing life or death. At the moment of caring, the nurse and the patient connect in such a way that creates an opportunity for humanistic caring (Watson, 1985). Both persons connect exclusively in a person-to-person interaction. Watson (1999) eludes to the fact that caring time becomes transpersonal when it affirms the appearance of the spirit of both and the opportunity to expand the confines of openness and personal capabilities transpires. An individual is identified as a person who has biophysical, psychophysical, psychosocial and intrapersonal needs that requires respect and care. Watson (1988) lends an explanation that a person is an existence within the world that embraces three realms of being, mind, body, and soul that is inspired by the self-concept, and who is free to make choices. Spirituality upholds a leading importance in the nursing profession and ascertains that the care of the soul is the most prominent characteristic in the art of nursing (Watson, 1997a). In conclusion, the concept of nursing as a science that is the culmination of personal behaviors, practices, proficiency, and experiences through a holistic approach. This approach enables the nurse to develop an approach that is effective in providing optimal care. Implementation of The Roy Adaptation Model enhances the role of nurses by clarifying and increasing interdisciplinary involvement. Watson’s theory encourages nurses to base their nursing process on her caring model and implement the art of caring by providing compassionate care. Caring out the delivery of Watson’s theory  will augment the nursing process and the delivery of care that are both gratifying and stimulating. References Andrews, H., & Roy, C. (1991). The Adaptation Model. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange. Brilowski, G., & Wendler, M. (2005). An evolutionary concept analysis of caring. Journal of Advance Nursing, 50(6), 641-650. Watson, J. (1985). Nursing: Human Science and Human Care, a Theory of Nursing. Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Watson, J. (1988). Nursing: Human Science and Human Care. A Theory of Nursing (2nd printing). Norwalk, CT: Appleton-Century-Crofts. Watson, J. (1990). Caring knowledge and informed moral passion. Advances in Nursing Science, 13(1), 15-24. Watson, J. (1997a). Artistry of caring: Heart and soul of nursing. In D., Marks-Maran & P. Rose (Eds.), Nursing: Beyond art and sciences. Boulder, CO: Colorado Associated University Press. Watson, J. (1997b). The theory of human caring: Retrospective and prospective. Nursing Science Quarterly, 10(1), 49-52. Watson, J. (2001). Jean Watson: Theory of human caring. In M.E. Parker (Ed.) Nursing theories and nursing practice. Philadel phia, PA: Davis. Watson, J. (2014). Caring Science Theory and Research. Retrieved from http://watsoncaringscience.org